10.31806/2542-1158-2017-1-3-44-60
Krivonogov Viktor Pavlovich
Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
Abstract. The article presents the results of four ethnographic researches among Chulyms including mass survey with 100 percent coverage, carried out in 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2016. We also used a variety of statistical informa-tion, as well as the methods of observation, interviews with informants and experts. Survey enabled with a high accuracy in a digital format to reflect the highlights of ethnic processes taking place. In addition to adults, the questionnaires drawn up and all children – according to parents. The changes in the population, in the language processes in the national mixed marriage, in cross-breeding. The population depends on three components: nat-ural increase, migration and ethnic orientation of the mixed population. The entire study period there was a natural population decline, death rate exceeded the birth rate. Migration beyond ethnic territory exceeded the return flow. But in the 1990s and zero years were characterized by the growth of national consciousness as a result of many mestizos who call themselves Russian earlier, began to identify themselves as Chulyms, as a result of the number of Chulyms grew slowly. This is largely due to the recognition of the rights Chulyms as the indigenous minority (before they were recorded Khakassia and minorities were not considered). However, by 2016 the re-orientation of Métis almost ended, that source of growth finished. As a result, the total number of Chulyms began to decline. Contribution of assimilation processes is a mixed settlement of Chulyms, the vast majority is living in mixed settlements. Only in two towns share Chulyms more than half of the population. Migration leads to Chulyms concentration in large Russian composition settlements, especially in the regional center – Teguldet. The number of Russian in this region several times higher than the number Chulyms. Linguistic assimilation is fast.. Chulyms language is quickly becoming out of use, only the elderly still in some way know it. Among children, no knowledge of the language. Even among the old people knowledge of the language is only a small part. Most of those who still remember, almost no use it in communication. The number of ethnically mixed families reached 68.9 %. Half of married men and more than two-thirds of married women have a spouse of other nationality. Most couples of mixed marriages are Russian but there are representatives of more than 7 representatives of other nationalities (Ukrainians, Belarusians, Mordvinians, Komi, and others.). Number of Métis as part Chulyms exceeded 80 % and reached 100 % among children. For many Chulyms, especially children, europeoid features predominate, they had Chulyms grandmother, grandfather, or more distant ancestors. About half of Métis prefer to refer to them-selves Chulym nationality. As a result of ongoing transformation processes Chulyms quickly turn into a group of Russian-speaking Métis to begin to reverse the decrease in numbe.
Keywords: demographic processes, linguistic assimilation, national-mixed marriages, ethnic identity, Chulyms.
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